Rule of Law: The principle that all individuals and institutions are subject to and accountable under the law. Precedent (Stare Decisis): The doctrine that courts should follow established precedents when making rulings, ensuring consistency and predictability in the law. Equity: A branch of law that supplements the strict rules of common law by considering fairness and justice. Rights and Duties: The legal entitlements and obligations of individuals and entities, which form the basis of legal relationships and actions.