To maintain a leading position in the market, research and development are crucial. Applied Materials makes substantial investments in the development of materials engineering technologies to facilitate scaling beyond Moore’s Law. Lam Research is dedicated to the advancement of atomic layer etching (ALE) and atomic layer deposition (ALD) to fulfill the requirements of sub-5nm nodes. ASML dedicates more than 15% of its yearly revenue to research and development, fostering advancements in EUV systems and investigating high-numerical-aperture (High-NA) lithography. Tokyo Electron has bolstered its research and development capabilities through efforts focused on heterogeneous integration and packaging technologies. KLA’s strategy to enhance efficiency in semiconductor manufacturing is demonstrated through its investment in AI-driven process control tools.