Total hardness is a measurement of the mineral content in a water sample that is irreversible by boiling. Total hardness is determined by the multivalent cations' concentrations present in water. These cations have a positive charge that is higher than 1+. Typically, cations have a charge of 2+. The most common cations present in hard water are Mg2+ and Ca2+. Hardness is caused by calcium and magnesium ions in the water. The presence of bicarbonate ions affects the dose of chemicals required to precipitate the calcium and magnesium, and therefore hardness is classified in two ways: As calcium or magnesium hardness As carbonate or noncarbonate hardness. Carbonate hardness is caused by calcium or magnesium ions associated with bicarbonate ions, and noncarbonate hardness is caused by calcium or magnesium ions associated with chloride, sulfate, or other ions. Total Hardness Hardness also relates to the scale that precipitates in kettles and utensils when water is boiled.

Functional electronic wet chemicals are indispensable basic chemical materials for developing, cleaning and etching process of semiconductor manufacturing. They are mainly applied in integrated circuit manufacturing, flat panel display manufacturing and photovoltaic cell manufacturing. Integrated circuit manufacturing The application of functional electronic wet chemicals in integrated circuit manufacturing mainly refers to wafer processing, including the pre-treatment of silicon wafers before wafer processing and backend packaging and testing. The wafer processing is very complex, which can be divided into lithography, etching, oxidation, thin film, chemical mechanical polishing grinding (CMP), diffusion (DIFF) and other parts. Lithography, etching, oxidation and surface pretreatment processes all require functional electronic wet chemicals. Integrated circuit manufacturing Flat panel display manufacturing Flat panel display manufacturing Functional electronic wet chemical

Known for its competence, responsibility, and innovative capability in chemical supply, Alfa Chemistry recently unveiled its new role as a CDMO service provider for pharmaceutical companies worldwide. Contract Development and Manufacturing Organization, abbreviated as CDMO, is a preferential way for a majority of pharmaceutical companies to outsource ongoing drug development and drug manufacturing projects. “With advanced facilities, we are capable of providing CMO, CRO, and CDMO services globally for the design, development, and production of various biologic drug products, including but not limited to recombinant proteins, ADCs, monoclonal antibodies, and bispecific antibodies,” said the Marketing Chief of Alfa Chemistry. “Our technical expertise in biomanufacturing allows us to respond swiftly and solve problems that puzzle our clients efficiently.” The list of CDMOs services provided by Alfa Chemistry covers nearly every aspect of drug development and manufacturing and is

Cyclophosphamide, also known as cytophosphane, appears as a white to almost white crystalline powder with a slightly bitter taste. The chemical name of it is p-[N,N-bis-(2-chloroethyl)]-1-oxo-3-nitrogen-2-phosphocyclohexane-p-oxide monohydrate. Cyclophosphamide is a synthetic alkylating agent chemically related to nitrogen mustard with antineoplastic and immunosuppressive activities, which was approved for medical use in the United States in 1959. The structure is shown in fig. 1. Structure of cyclophosphamide Fig. 1 Structure of cyclophosphamide Application in the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases Cancer Cyclophosphamide remains one of the most successful and widely utilized antineoplastic drugs. It is used in chemotherapy to treat lymphoma, multiple myeloma, ovarian cancer, leukemia, breast cancer, small cell lung cancer, neuroblastoma, and sarcoma. Cyclophosphamide is an inactive prodrug that requires enzymatic and chemical activation. The resultant nitrogen musta

Pathology Laboratory Facilities Morphological Analysis In clinical pathology, Alfa Chemistry has diagnostic pathology microscopy systems for: Examination of fecal parasites. Observation of cell agglutination in in vitro hemolysis tests. Morphological cell classification of peripheral blood smears. Morphological classification of cells in bone marrow smears. In vitro hemolysis test results, hematological analysis, and microscopic inspection of the degree of proliferation and toxic alterations in the bone marrow nuclei of different animals can all be referenced using morphological testing. Diagnostic Pathology Microscopy Systems Tissue Section Analysis Alfa Chemistry has an automatic staining machine, tissue dehydration machine, paraffin sectioning machine, frozen sectioning machine, embedding machine, automatic sealing machine and other equipment for: Extra large tissue sectioning. Mouse complete tissue sectioning. Canine complete tissue sectioning. Microtissue

Structure-based drug screening and ligand binding mode analysis have become key elements in the calculation process of modern drug development. It can not only discover potential compounds targeting specific targets, but also help explain the structure-activity relationship observed experimentally. Therefore, structure-based computer technology plays an essential role in all stages of drug development. At Alfa Chemistry, we provide a series of structure-based drug design (SBDD) services and our capabilities include virtual screening, flexible target sampling, skeleton transitions, de novo design, and estimation of the affinity between ligands and target proteins. Application of Structure-based Drug Design: Predicting the binding of small molecules to protein targets Calculating binding affinity

Karl Fischer (KF) Moisture Testing is a widely used technique in the chemical industry to measure the amount of water present in a sample. It was first developed by the chemist Karl Fischer in the 1930s, and since then has become the gold standard for measuring moisture content in a range of materials. KF Moisture Testing works by reacting the water present in a sample with iodine and sulfur dioxide, and then measuring the amount of iodine that is consumed in the reaction. dvantages High Accuracy. This is because the reaction between the water and the iodine is very specific, and does not interfere with other components in the sample. High Sensitive. KF Moisture Testing is very sensitive, and can detect very small amounts of water, down to parts per million (ppm). High Speed. The reaction can be completed in just a few minutes, making it a very efficient way to test for moisture content. This is important in industries where time is of the essence, such as in the pharmaceutical i

I. Introduction of plant extract Plant extracts refer to substances extracted or processed from plants (all or a part of plants) using appropriate solvents or methods. Plant extracts are products formed by directional acquisition and concentration of one or more active ingredients in plants without changing the structure of the active ingredients. According to different ingredients, plant extracts can be divided into glycosides, acids, polyphenols, polysaccharides, terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids and other categories; according to different product properties, they can be divided into vegetable oils, extracts, powders, lenses and other categories. It is a very important intermediate product with a wide range of applications and can be used in the pharmaceutical industry, food industry, daily chemical industry and other industries. II. Popular Plant Extracts - A spotlight on popular plant extracts in the wellness industry (i.e., Centella asiatica extract, aloe vera extract, etc