Cellulose is a linear polymer composed of glucose. The presence of a large number of hydrogen bonds between and within glucose molecule chains allows them to aggregate to form multi-layered, aggregated state structures such as microfibrils, fibrils and fibers. Six interconvertible polycrystalline cellulose types have been identified, including cellulose I, II, IIII, IIIII, IVI and IVII. The natural cellulose found in most plant cell walls is cellulose I, which has two isomorphs: the predominant cellulose Iα with a triclinic unit cell and a small amount of Iβ with a monoclinic unit cell.

The aging of today's global population is accelerating, leading to a higher incidence of some diseases related to aging, such as chronic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, etc. However, people at the same age may show different disease expressions, and one possible factor is due to differences in the aging process of different individuals, which means that the actual age of individuals is the same but their biological age may be different.

Recognition of the fact that bacterial biofilms may play a role in the pathogenesis of disease has led to increased interest in identifying diseases that may be associated with biofilms. Biofilm infections are usually chronic in nature because bacteria with biofilms present are resilient to the immune system, antibiotics and other treatments. Bacterial biofilms are clusters of bacteria attached to surfaces and/or to each other and embedded in a self-produced matrix. The biofilm matrix is composed of proteins (e.g., fibronectin), polysaccharides (e.g., alginate), and substances such as eDNA. In addition to the protection provided by the matrix, bacteria in biofilms can employ a variety of survival strategies to evade host defenses.

Aging is a biological process that occurs in each of us as individuals and is accompanied by a variety of changes. At the molecular level, DNA methylation occurs, a process in which a methyl group is covalently bonded at the cytosine 5 carbon position of a genomic CpG dinucleotide, and the association between DNA methylation and aging has been extensively studied and their close correlation has been found. DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that plays a key role in many aging-related biological processes. Based on this, we can use DNA methylation analysis for related studies, such as age prediction, disease risk prediction, and aging mechanism exploration.

Plant cell walls are complex 3D networks composed of proteins, polysaccharides, and lignin. Multiple molecular interactions make the analysis of cell wall compounds a more complex task. In order to analyze ex-situ cell wall components, their destructuration /dissociation/disorganization from each other is a prerequisite for their analysis. The dissociation of plant cell walls depends heavily on the number and type of bonds (covalent, electrostatic, hydrogen, ionic linkage) between them. The disintegration of bonds between these polymers can be achieved by chemical, physical, enzymatic, or by a mixture of two or three of these methods. Developing efficient and rapid methods to release all cell wall components without altering their chemical compositions is currently a major challenge in the in vitro analysis of cell wall components.

Altering the local structure of the peptide, although introducing some degree of conformational bias, produces minimal modifications to the original peptide. Such modifications are generally limited to single amino acids and can be divided into local modifications to the backbone and side chains. Changes in single amino acids have been reported to cause extensive changes in peptide structure, such as substitution of carbonyl groups with thiol, methylene, phosphinic and boronic acid groups. The use of unnatural amino acids as building blocks for the development of peptidomimetics has now attracted extensive research interest. Local modifications of peptidomimetics can include α-amino acids bearing modified side chains, rigid cyclic compounds that are isosteres of amino acids, and so on.

Cocoa color is a natural food color. The pigment is extracted from the outer shell of the cocoa tree fruit of the sycamore family. Cocoa pigment is easily soluble in water, has good stability to light, heat and oxidant, and has strong coloring ability. Its color deepens with the increase of pH value, but has little effect on its hue. Cocoa pigment has good coloring ability for protein and starch, and seldom modifications throughout processing and preservation.

Telomeres shorten with age, but also due to the environment, poor eating habits, smoking, lack of exercise and other bad behavioral habits. When these factors occur, they can lead to premature telomere shortening causing aging and even serious disease. Although there is much research on telomeres, there is still a need for us to continue to explore more mechanisms of telomere influence to help us avoid accelerated telomere shortening as well as to use positive influences to slow telomere attrition.

The physical properties (mechanical and electrical properties) of RBCs have been intensively studied over the last decade because of their physiological and pathological importance. It is well known that the exceptional deformability of RBCs is closely related to both the macrocirculation and the microcirculation. Impaired deformability of RBCs leads to a variety of diseases such as sepsis, malaria, sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin disorder), and microvascular dysfunction. In addition, the electrical properties of RBCs are also associated with pathological conditions. Advances in biophysical measurements have made it possible to use label-free, less invasive methods to characterize RBCs and to study unknown structure-function relationships. A number of techniques have been used to measure the biophysical properties of RBCs, such as atomic force microscopy and optical tweezers. However, these techniques are difficult to use and the speed of testing is low. Currently, the application of

The biofilm is immobilized on the surface of the carrier, and it is difficult to directly measure the dry peeling of the biofilm. Therefore, before evaluating the amount of carrier biofilm, the biofilm must be peeled off from the carrier surface first. Biofilm peeling plays a key role in many biofilm analyses, and the recovery rate of peeling directly affects the accuracy of other analyses.

Age acceleration can be defined as the difference between the DNA methylation age and the actual age, or as the residual resulting from regressing the DNA methylation age on the actual age. In comparison, the latter definition is more accurate and practical. We can determine the rate of biological aging based on the specific value of the DNA methylation age acceleration, with positive values indicating faster than expected aging and negative values the opposite. DNA methylation age acceleration is closely related to the health status of the organism, aging-related diseases, mortality and other factors. On the one hand, several studies have identified DNA methylation age acceleration in age-related diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. On the other hand, there are also some intrinsic and extrinsic factors that contribute to age acceleration in individuals, such as stress, alcohol consumption, smoking, etc.

The aging of today's global population is accelerating, leading to a higher incidence of some diseases related to aging, such as chronic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, etc. However, people at the same age may show different disease expressions, and one possible factor is due to differences in the aging process of different individuals, which means that the actual age of individuals is the same but their biological age may be different. Then understanding the biological age and aging rate of different individuals, the latter is also known as age acceleration, can help us identify high incidence groups and is important for early disease prevention.

Telomeres are the protective end caps of chromosomes and play a very important role in the aging process. As cells divide, telomeres shorten and individuals age, so telomere length can be used as a biomarker of aging or related diseases in the body. The presence of very short telomeres may lead to the onset of age-related diseases, then measuring telomere length information opens up a greater possibility of living a long and healthy life, and it also allows to assess whether some interventions such as medications, diet, and exercise can positively affect telomere length.

Available Models of Common Age-Related Diseases Bone disease. For example, age-related bone loss, and age-related osteoporosis models. Cardiovascular diseases. For example, the primary hypertension animal model, myocardial infarction animal model, heart failure animal model, etc. Aging lung. Neurodegenerative disease. For example, models of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Multi-morbidity and frailty. For example, some chronic disease models include arthritis, diabetes, cancer, heart disease, and stroke. There are also frailty animal models.

Aging is a biological process that occurs in each of us as individuals and is accompanied by a variety of changes. At the molecular level, DNA methylation occurs, a process in which a methyl group is covalently bonded at the cytosine 5 carbon position of a genomic CpG dinucleotide, and the association between DNA methylation and aging has been extensively studied and their close correlation has been found. DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that plays a key role in many aging-related biological processes. Based on this, we can use DNA methylation analysis for related studies, such as age prediction, disease risk prediction, and aging mechanism exploration.

DNA Methylation Age Acceleration Age acceleration can be defined as the difference between the DNA methylation age and the actual age, or as the residual resulting from regressing the DNA methylation age on the actual age. In comparison, the latter definition is more accurate and practical. We can determine the rate of biological aging based on the specific value of the DNA methylation age acceleration, with positive values indicating faster than expected aging and negative values the opposite. DNA methylation age acceleration is closely related to the health status of the organism, aging-related diseases, mortality and other factors. On the one hand, several studies have identified DNA methylation age acceleration in age-related diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. On the other hand, there are also some intrinsic and extrinsic factors that contribute to age acceleration in individuals, such as stress, alcohol consumption, smoking, etc.